Drug Development of Antibiotics and Vaccines for Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are diseases with a high mortality rate. In recent years, researchers have been studying new treatments to treat infectious diseases. Infectious diseases include COVID-19 and HIV-1 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Some antibiotics and vaccines are very helpful in preventing them. Inactivated viruses, attenuated viruses, and self-amplifying mRNA vaccines have also improved the treatment level of vaccines. This study systematically analyzes the roles of antibiotics, vaccines, and emerging technologies in combating infectious diseases, with a focus on COVID-19 and HIV-1. It highlights how modern biotechnology, particularly mRNA platforms, has revolutionized vaccine development while addressing the challenges posed by AMR. Despite these advances, significant limitations remain. While self-amplifying mRNA vaccines hold great promise, challenges related to stability, delivery, and large-scale production hinder their widespread application. Future research should prioritize improving these technologies to overcome such barriers. Additionally, the exploration of molecular targeted therapies that specifically address the root causes of infection and mitigate resistance is essential to combat AMR effectively.