Dual Functional Electroconductive Biofortified Electrospun Scaffold Functionalized With MWCNTs and <i>Bacopa Monnieri</i> for Accelerated Peripheral Nerve Regeneration

Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) often lead to semi or complete loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Although autografts are still the best option for PNI repair, their use is restricted due to the morbidity and availability of donor nerves. Because electrospun scaffolds may replicate the structure of native extracellular matrix (ECM), they provide a viable alternative. The present study represents a dual-functional scaffold that combines the neuroprotective and antioxidant capabilities of Bacopa monnieri extract with the mechanical and electrical characteristics of polycaprolactone (PCL)-collagen fibers reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The anisotropic alignment of MWCNTs enhances conductivity of the scaffold and provides directional cues for growth of the axons, while secondary metabolites of Bacopa monnieri, such as bacosides, promote neuronal survival and mitigate oxidative stress. In vitro, the scaffold lowers oxidative stress while promoting adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of the neural cells. Utilizing an in vivo model of sciatic nerve crush damage, nerve regeneration is evaluated and improvements in axonal development, myelination, and recovery of motor-sensory function are seen. This biofortified scaffold offers a sustainable substitute for traditional growth factors and pharmaceutical drugs by exploiting the synergistic effects of electrical conductivity and plant-based bioactivity to promote peripheral nerve regeneration.