Short-Term Predictions of Global Horizontal Irradiance Using Recurrent Neural Networks, Support Vector Regression, Gradient Boosting Random Forest and Advanced Stacking Ensemble Approaches

In today’s world, where sustainable energy is essential for the planet’s survival, accurate solar energy forecasting is crucial. This study focused on predicting short-term Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) using minute-averaged data from the Southern African Universities Radiometric Network (SAURAN) at the Univen Radiometric Station in South Africa. Various techniques were evaluated for their predictive accuracy, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Gradient Boosting (GB), Random Forest (RF), Stacking Ensemble, and Double Nested Stacking (DNS). The results indicated that RNN performed the best in terms of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) among the machine learning models. However, Stacking Ensemble with XGBoost as the meta-model outperformed all individual models, improving accuracy by 67.06% in MAE and 22.28% in RMSE. DNS further enhanced accuracy, achieving a 93.05% reduction in MAE and an 88.54% reduction in RMSE compared to the best machine learning model, as well as a 78.89% decrease in MAE and an 85.27% decrease in RMSE compared to the best single stacking model. Furthermore, experimenting with the order of the DNS meta-model revealed that using RF as the first-level meta-model followed by XGBoost yielded the highest accuracy, showing a 47.39% decrease in MAE and a 61.35% decrease in RMSE compared to DNS with RF at both levels. These findings underscore advanced stacking techniques’ potential to improve GHI forecasting significantly.