Review on Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Application for Sustainable Energy Solutions

The transition from non-renewable fuels to sustainable energy options is becoming increasingly challenging due to the increasing global energy demand. In contemporary energy systems, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have demonstrated significant potential for light-duty and portable applications. They align with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the United Nations, including SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy) and SDG 13 (climate action), and they offer high energy density, simplicity of use, and environmental benefits. This work emphasizes the potential of DMFCs to facilitate sustainable energy solutions by acting as a link between theoretical advancements and real-world applications. This review provides a thorough examination of contemporary DMFC technologies, with an emphasis on the integration of system components, membranes, and catalysts. New commercialization trends, safety considerations, and performance optimization techniques are all incorporated into the investigation. The research also critically assesses obstacles, such as catalyst deterioration, methanol crossover, and production costs. The results are designed to facilitate the implementation of DMFCs in commercial markets, provide practical insights for further research, and support global sustainability objectives. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of DMFCs in the pursuit of energy sustainability by examining the relationship between technical innovation and commercial viability. The significance of their contribution to developing renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation is underscored, as it will facilitate the transition to a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape.