Limited Applicability of Neoclassical Facial Canons in Tibetan Youth: 2D Photogrammetry Evaluation

Neoclassical facial proportion canons have long served as benchmarks for defining facial beauty across diverse populations. However, their applicability varies significantly among ethnic groups. This study critically evaluates the validity of these canons among young Tibetan adults in China, with a particular focus on vertical and horizontal facial proportions. A total of 455 young Tibetan students (136 men and 319 women) between the ages of 18 and 25 years enrolled at Tibet University participated in the study. Standardized frontal and lateral facial photographs were obtained for analysis. Most neoclassical facial canons demonstrated limited applicability to the Tibetan population, as none fully adhered to the 3-section facial canon. The lower facial 3-section canon was identified in 1.5% of men and 1.3% of women. The naso-orbital canon was observed in 11.8% of men and 34.9% of women, the naso-oral canon in 0% of men and 2.2% of women, and the naso-facial canon in 0.7% of men and 3.8% of women. Significant sex differences were identified ( P < 0.05). Overall, the upper facial third exceeded the middle and lower thirds, while the intercanthal distance surpassed the eye fissure length in the majority of subjects. Neoclassical facial canons are largely inapplicable to the Tibetan population, particularly in the context of cosmetic or surgical planning. Despite demonstrating slightly higher applicability in women, the overall validity of these canons remains low. The distinct facial features of the Tibetan population necessitate the development of population-specific aesthetic standards, providing valuable insights into their unique facial morphology.