Features of immune responses in gastrointestinal tract tissues and their impact on the course of reparative processes depending on the types of physical dissection applied

Background. The issue of reparative processes in the gastrointestinal tract, which largely depend on the characteristics of immune responses in tissues, is addressed. The choice of physical dissection methods is crucial for minimizing tissue trauma and preventing complications after surgical interventions. Purpose – to investigate the characteristics of local immune responses and the dynamics of reparative processes in the areas of gastro-, entero-, and colotomies after using monopolar electroscalpel (MES) and ultrasonic scalpel (USS). Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on raddits using an experimental laparotomy model. Tissue dissection was performed using MES and USS. Immunohistochemical studies with immune cell markers were carried out, and cytokine levels were analyzed at various postoperative periods. Results. The use of USS was associated with less pronounced morphological and immune disturbances. The transition of inflammatory stages with USS occurred more rapidly and was accompanied by increased activity of the anti-inflammatory cytokine system. In the MES group, prolonged necrosis, pronounced inflammation, and delayed reparative processes were observed. USS created favorable conditions for wound healing due to moderate ischemia and reduced tissue trauma. Conclusions. The application of USS reduces tissue trauma, accelerates the transition of inflammatory stages, and improves the conditions for reparative processes. In contrast, MES is associated with higher tissue trauma, necessitating additional attention when forming gastrointestinal anastomoses.