Interactions between starvation, cold stress and water velocities on immunological and metabolic responses of large yellow croaker

Research shows that natural starvation during cold months may enhance the croaker's cold tolerance, yet the high mortality rates persist, indicating that factors like water velocity may also play a critical role. This study investigates how low temperature, starvation and water velocities affect the croaker's survival, focusing on antioxidant capacity, metabolic, transcriptomic and microbiota changes, aiming to improve management strategies for this economically important species in aquaculture. 400 large yellow croakers were divided into fed and starved groups to assess cold tolerance under gradually decreasing temperatures, and swimming endurance under increased water velocities up to 0.35 m/s. The fish were subsequently subjected to simulated overwintering in controlled flow conditions at different velocities to observe survival rates. Samples from the fish, including liver and intestines, were collected for antioxidant capacity, transcriptomic, metabolomic and microbiota analyses. Our results demonstrate that starvation enhances cold tolerance in large yellow croakers, but reduces swimming endurance significantly, suggesting a complex interplay between metabolic preservation and physical capability. Transcriptomic analyses revealed a significant shift towards fatty acid oxidation and down-regulation of steroid biosynthesis pathways, particularly under combined stress conditions. Moreover, the excessive up-regulation of lipid metabolism led to the accelerated production of ROS, resulting in oxidative stress in large yellow croaker. Both liver metabolomics and intestinal microbiota composition studies illustrated significant alterations in metabolic profiles. These findings provide insights into how environmental stressors impact the physiological and metabolic dynamics of the large yellow croaker, offering potential strategies for improving resilience and survival in aquaculture settings. • Starvation significantly improved the cold tolerance in L. crocea . • Starvation and water velocity led to a marked decrease in swimming endurance. • Water velocity boosts fatty acid oxidation in L. crocea under cold and starvation. • Excessive fatty acid oxidation causes oxidative stress in large yellow croaker. • The intestinal microbiota species richness and community diversity were affected.