Investigating the Effect of Absorber Layer Thickness on Photovoltaic Efficiency in Ca₃NI₃ Perovskite Solar Cells

Calcium nitrogen iodide (Ca<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>NI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>) has intriguing structural, visible, and electrical characteristics, making it a compelling candidate for developing absorbers in cost-effective, high-performance solar cell applications. Research efforts have extensively examined the potential uses of the perovskite (PSK) substance Ca<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>NI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> as a layer of absorption in heterostructure PV cells. The SCAPS-1D simulator was used to determine the optimal PV values for the Ca<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf>NI<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> PSC framework with CdS as the ETL. The research was conducted using the 1D-SCAPS program. Thanks to their improved effectiveness and affordability in manufacturing, PSCs are a practical and efficient technology for producing renewable energy. An investigation was conducted to assess the influence of differences in thickness on the device’s efficacy. A device structure consisting of $\mathrm{AL} / \mathrm{FTO} / \mathrm{CdS} / \mathrm{Ca}_{3} \mathrm{NI}_{3}$ has been fabricated. The active layer in this suggested research has a thickness range of 0.2 to $1.1 ~\mu \mathrm{m}$, separated into 10 equally spaced intervals. After adjusting the absorbent layer thickness to its maximum of $1.1 ~\mu \mathrm{m}$, the following PV metrics are observed: PCE - 21.07%, V<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OC</inf> $\mathbf{- 1 . 0 2} \mathrm{V}, \mathrm{J}_{\text {SC}} \mathbf{- 2 5 . 4 1} \mathrm{mA} / \mathrm{cm}^{2}$, and FF-80.59%.