Node Density Optimization in Wireless Sensor Networks with LEACH: PDR and End-to-End Delay Analysis

This study investigates Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) optimization using the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol, focusing on Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and End-to-End Delay. WSNs play a crucial role in various applications, but energy conservation is a significant challenge due to limited node resources. Traditional routing methods lead to excessive energy consumption, early node failures, and reduced efficiency. LEACH, by organizing nodes into clusters and selecting cluster heads, addresses these issues. The study emphasizes the impact of the optimal number of nodes on network performance, balancing coverage and energy consumption. It identifies area-specific node densities, offering adaptability to different applications and environments, ultimately contributing to energy-efficient data collection systems across industries.