Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Enhances Emotional Processing and Long‐Term Recognition Memory: Electrophysiological Evidence Across Two Studies

Recently, we found that continuous transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) facilitates the encoding and later recollection of emotionally relevant information, as indicated by differences in the late positive potential (LPP), memory performance, and late ERP Old/New effect. Here, we aimed to conceptually replicate and extend these findings by investigating the effects of different time-dependent taVNS stimulation protocols. In Study 1, an identical paradigm to our previous study was employed with interval stimulation (30-s on/off). Participants viewed unpleasant and neutral scenes on two consecutive days while receiving taVNS or sham stimulation and completed a recognition test 1 week later. Replicating previous results, unpleasant images encoded under taVNS, compared to sham stimulation, elicited larger amplitudes in an earlier window of the LPP during encoding, as well as more pronounced late Old/New differences. However, no effects of taVNS on memory performance were found. In Study 2, we followed up on these findings by synchronizing the stimulation cycle with image presentation to determine the taVNS effects for images encoded during the on and off cycles. We could replicate the enhancing effects of taVNS on brain potentials (early LPP and late Old/New differences) and found that taVNS improved recollection-based memory performance for both unpleasant and neutral images, independently of the stimulation cycle. Overall, our results suggest that taVNS increases electrophysiological correlates of emotional encoding and retrieval in a time-independent manner, substantiating the vagus nerve's role in emotional processing and memory formation, opening new venues for improving mnemonic processes in both clinical and non-clinical populations.