Investigation of the Effect of Gingerol on α‐Glycosidase Cholinesterases and Monoamine Oxidase Enzymes: Antioxidant Activity and In Silico Study

Abstract This study examined the effects of gingerol, an active ingredient in ginger, on monoamine oxidases (MAO)‐A and B, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and α‐glycosidase enzymes as in vitro. The IC 50 values were calculated for MAO‐A, MAO‐B, AChE, BChE, and α‐glycosidase enzymes as 13.05 µM, 16.6 µM, 2.14 nM, 3.37 nM, and 27.28 nM, respectively. Additionally, K i values were determined to be 0.67 ± 0.012 nM for AChE, 0.86 ± 0.033 nM for BChE, and 14.36 ± 3.41 nM for α‐glycosidase. To evaluate the antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities of gingerol, Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ , and Fe 3+ ‐TPTZ reductions, DPPH∙·and ABTS ∙+ scavenging activities were examined. The absorbance of antioxidant activity of gingerol was found as 1.084 ± 0.057 for the Fe 3+ reducing ability, 0.343 ± 0.036 for Cu 2+ reducing ability, and 1.26 ± 0.020 for FRAP reducing assay at 30 µg/mL. As for radical scavenging results, IC 50 values were determined to be 17.33 µg/mL for the DPPH∙ scavenging and 5.93 µg/mL for the ABTS ∙+ scavenging assay. From these results, it was determined that gingerol exhibited significant antioxidant properties when compared to the standard antioxidants. Molecular docking simulations and ADME studies have provided insights into the interactions between gingerol and target enzymes, guiding the design of novel therapeutic agents for critical diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and diabetes.