Diagnostic Role Of Bone Marrow Aspiration Biopsy In Determining Etiologies Of Pancytopenia In Adults

Background: Pancytopenia is a hematological disorder characterized by a reduction in all three blood cell lines, resulting from diverse etiologies ranging from nutritional deficiencies to malignancies. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy is a crucial diagnostic tool that helps determine the underlying cause. Early diagnosis is essential for better clinical outcomes, as delays can lead to disease progression and complications. Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic role of bone marrow aspiration biopsy in determining the etiologies of pancytopenia in adults and to assess the impact of diagnostic delay on disease outcomes. Study Design and Setting: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, PUMHS, Nawabshah over a period of six months. Methodology: A total of 135 adult patients presenting with pancytopenia were included. Demographic data, clinical presentations, and hematological parameters were recorded. Bone marrow aspiration biopsy was performed in all patients, and etiological diagnoses were established. The association of diagnostic delay with disease outcomes was also evaluated. Results: Megaloblastic anemia was the most common cause of pancytopenia, found in 50 (37.0%) patients, followed by hematological malignancies in 30 (22.2%) patients and aplastic anemia in 25 (18.5%) patients. A significant association (p < 0.001) was observed between diagnostic delay and unfavorable outcomes. Conclusion: Bone marrow aspiration biopsy is a valuable tool for diagnosing the causes of pancytopenia. Early diagnosis is crucial for better clinical outcomes, highlighting the need for prompt evaluation and intervention.