Complex dynamics of spatiotemporal soliton molecules in graded-index multimode fibers

In contemporary optical communications and information processing, solitons are of great interest due to their stability in nonlinear media. Spatiotemporal solitons are optical wave packets with localized structures in both time and space that demonstrate efficient transmission in multimode fibers. This study focuses on the generation and dynamics of spatiotemporal optical soliton molecules in graded-index multimode fibers. The bilinear Hirota’s method is utilized to solve the Gross–Pitaevskii (GP) equations governing the evolution of these solitons. By applying these solutions, the complex dynamical behavior of soliton molecules is investigated as it is influenced by variations in specific parameters. Additionally, this research analyzes the interactions among spatiotemporal soliton molecules in multimode fibers under different binding states through parametric manipulation. The findings provide novel insights into nonlinear optical phenomena in graded-index multimode optical fibers.