Challenges in artisanal small-scale gold mining: perspectives and transformations to sustainability along BR-163 in Brazil

Artisanal Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is a sector beset with unique and complex challenges. Recent literature highlights the growing acknowledgment of the critical need for reforms in how the ASGM industry interacts with communities and the environment. Discussions about sustainable transformations go beyond theoretical and conceptual borders, attempting to understand how local transformative events might reflect global developments. Thus, the goal of this article is to give an analysis from the perspective of the actors participating in artisanal gold mining activities. A survey was carried out along BR-163, which runs from Sinop (Mato Grosso) to Santarém (Pará). Fifty-five (55) interviews were done with various groups of actors directly and indirectly related to gold mining. The findings highlight the importance of formalizing gold mining operations, organizing social activities around cooperatives, and continuously pursuing technical and educational efforts. Furthermore, strengthening control structures and ensuring traceability of generated gold is critical. Finally, for transitions towards gold mining sustainability to occur, it is essential to emphasize the necessity of recognizing multiple viewpoints and narratives that shape sustainability challenges and solutions.