FEM Solution Database for Liquid Crystal GHz and THz Coaxial Phase Shifters in Digital Twinning

The functional tunable dielectric material of liquid crystals, and their uniquely incorporated into radio-frequency phase-variable components, represent the next big leap in the millimeter-wave and terahertz industry that demand reconfigurability and agility in the context of ever-stringent requirements on insertion loss, power consumption, device footprint, and budget (development time and cost). This work unveils the finite-element solution statistics of the LC-enabled coaxial phase shifters operated at terahertz (300 GHz envisioned for 6G) and millimeter-wave (60 GHz for post-5G), the comparatively derived insights of which inform the comprehensive performance prediction concerning multi dimensions of the tuning data. The meshing statistical analysis is performed for three permittivity states strategically selected, including the air-filled state prior to LC injection, the isotropic state of LC subject to 0 V bias (without mechanical anchoring of the molecules), and the saturated bias state wherein the maximum permittivity is acquired. The solution database released by this work is available for the general public to leverage big data machine learning for automated device development and digital twinning, a win-win for facilitating the LC-combined roadmap of the post-5G landscape.