Intraoperative urethrocystoscopy reduces operating time and may improve urolith detection during open cystotomy in male dogs over 7 kg

Intraoperative urethrocystoscopy offered a practical and efficient alternative to postoperative contrast imaging for assessing complete urolith removal in male dogs undergoing cystotomy, reducing anesthesia time and potentially decreasing the risk of retained uroliths. Appropriate equipment and training are required to safely perform this technique and minimize the risk of complications.