International Health Regulations (IHR) and the success story of public health preparedness during Hajj in Saudi Arabia

The Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia is the world’s largest annual mass gathering, posing significant public health challenges, including infectious disease outbreaks, heat-related illnesses, and emergency medical response. Saudi Arabia has established itself as a global leader in mass gathering health preparedness, largely due to its strict adherence to the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005). By integrating real-time disease surveillance, mandatory vaccination policies, border health controls, and digital health innovations, the country has effectively minimized health risks and ensured the safety of millions of pilgrims. The Hajj Health Information System (HHIS), emergency response networks, and climate-adaptive strategies further enhance public health security. Saudi Arabia’s proactive and evolving health policies serve as a model for other nations hosting large-scale events. As emerging health threats persist, the Kingdom’s commitment to innovation, global collaboration, and resilience will be crucial in shaping the future of mass gathering health preparedness.