A comparative analysis of <b>GEANT4</b> , <b>MCNP6</b> and <b>FLUKA</b> on proton‐induced gamma‐ray simulation

This study emphasizes the need for updates to the data tables in MC simulations and underscores the importance of further theoretical and experimental research on PG de-excitation lines relevant to proton therapy. The newly developed model, designed to address discrepancies in the simulation of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:annotation>$^{12}{\rm C}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow></mml:mrow> <mml:mn>16</mml:mn></mml:msup> <mml:mi>O</mml:mi></mml:mrow> <mml:annotation>$^{16}{\rm O}$</mml:annotation></mml:semantics> </mml:math> de-excitation lines across different toolkits, successfully improved the accuracy of the oxygen de-excitation line, which was previously not well-reproduced.