Nature's nanofactories: biogenic synthesis of metal nanoparticles for sustainable technologies

Biogenic nanomaterial synthesis offers an innovative strategy for eco-friendly and sustainable nanotechnology development. Utilizing biological entities and natural resources, including plant extracts, microorganisms, and algae, in synthesis has numerous advantages over conventional synthesis methods. With an emphasis on green synthesis techniques, this review explores the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles in ample detail. It explores conventional nanoparticle synthesis techniques as well as their environmental effects and risks to human health in an attempt to find better alternatives. Green synthesis methods are highly acclaimed for their sustainability, cost-efficiency, and biocompatibility, biotechnology, environmental science, and healthcare are all fields that could benefit from their use. These benefits include eco-friendliness, biocompatibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability and wide application across industries like healthcare, agriculture, energy production/distribution/consumption and environmental remediation. Biogenic nanoparticles have the potential to address several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as clean water and sanitation, affordable energy sources that don't pollute, responsible consumption and production practices, climate action plans and life on land. Realizing the full potential of biogenic nanomaterials requires ongoing research and innovation to improve production techniques, enhance material properties, explore new applications and standardization, as well as ensure interdisciplinary collaboration and leverage emerging technologies.Trial registration: Netherlands National Trial Register identifier: NTR-.