Optimizing Joystick Button Layout for Males: An Incremental Approach Based on Gripping Operational Features

Button layout plays a crucial role in user–device interaction. An impractical layout can hinder user efficiency and satisfaction. Current joystick button designs lack systematic references, relying on common body measurements and subjective judgments, which makes it difficult to cope with diverse modes of operation. This paper introduces a basic grip state based on adult male hand size, defining three operational areas. We conducted experiments involving 15 participants at three hand length percentiles (10, 50, 90), revealing positive correlations of operation range with body dimensions. Further discussion analyzes the dynamic operating range and specific features in different areas. These findings inform an incremental design principle for joystick layouts, offering precise guidance for future designs.