Recent advances in electrochemical biosensors for bacterial detection

Accurate and efficient bacterial detection remains a critical challenge in clinical diagnostics and public health. Conventional methods are often constrained by low sensitivity and labor-intensive workflows. In contrast, electrochemical sensors offer distinct advantages: high sensitivity, rapid response, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. The advancement of electrochemical sensors for bacterial detection relies on the continuous optimization of fundamental sensing architectures and the integration of advanced technologies. This review adopts a dual foundation-to-frontier framework. Analyzing essential sensor components such as functional nanomaterials for interface engineering, precisely engineered biorecognition elements, and established electrochemical detection methodologies. Simultaneously, through an advanced technological lens, we explore cutting-edge interdisciplinary innovations such as dual-modal sensing systems, flexible sensor architectures, and artificial intelligence-driven analytical systems. By synthesizing foundational principles and technological innovations, this review not only informs rational sensor design but also delineates the transition toward miniaturized, intelligent, and high-throughput systems for precision medicine and environmental monitoring. This work aims to offer forward-looking guidance for the future development of bacterial detection technologies.