Statistics and Sustainability in the Iron and Steel Industry: from Resources to Low-Carbon Technologies

Iron and steel are indispensable materials in modern civilization, enabling key sectors such as construction, transportation, and energy. However, the iron industry faces growing challenges related to uncertain resources, environmental limitations aimed at decreasing carbon footprints, and the rising demand for sustainable manufacturing practices. The industry accounts for approximately 7–9% of global CO₂ emissions, underscoring the urgent need for technological innovation and policy-driven decarbonization strategies. This review gathers current statistics on global iron ore reserves, prices, production of various steel grades, and emerging production routes. Additionally, it addresses best available technologies (BAT), the potential impact of CO₂ taxes, and alternative reduction processes like hydrogen-based metallurgy. A comprehensive overview of these aspects will assist stakeholders in improving economic competitiveness, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability.