Muonic x-ray measurement for the nuclear charge distribution: The case of stable palladium isotopes

Background: The nuclear charge radius and distribution are the most fundamental quantities of the atomic nucleus. From the muonic transition energies, the absolute charge radius has been experimentally obtained, while there have been no established methods to discuss the distribution.Purpose: The muonic transition energies for five palladium isotopes with a mass number $A=104$, 105, 106, 108, and 110 were measured. The procedure to deduce the charge radii and the method to discuss the charge distribution from the muonic transition energies are proposed.Method: The experiment was performed at the MuSIC-M1 beamline at Research Center for Nuclear Physics, Osaka University. A continuous muon beam impinged on the enriched palladium targets. Muonic x rays were measured by high-purity germanium detectors.Results: The muonic transition energies up to $4f\text{\ensuremath{-}}3d$ transitions were determined for five palladium isotopes.Conclusions: The root-mean-square charge radii are deduced assuming the two-parameter Fermi distribution. The charge distribution of the nucleus is discussed by employing the Barrett model. The muonic transition energies of the $3d\text{\ensuremath{-}}2p$ transitions are crucial for discussing both the charge radius and the charge distribution.