Differences in the Impact of Extreme ENSO-IOD on Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Variability in Open and Semi-enclosed Water

Abstract The Makassar Strait and Bone Bay are regions with high potential for biodiversity and marine management, where sea surface temperature (SST) serves as a crucial parameter for various activities and as an indicator of water phenomena. SST is particularly influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). This study investigates the differences in SST variability influenced by seasonal cycles, IOD, and ENSO in the Makassar Strait (Open Waters) and Bone Bay (Semi-Enclosed Waters). Data analysis employs remote sensing-based anomaly and cross-correlation analysis methods along with spatial-temporal techniques for monthly time series data. The findings reveal distinct characteristics of SST variability between open and semi-enclosed waters during the extreme El Niño event in 2015 and the positive IOD event in mid-2019. Specifically, SST in semi-enclosed waters shows a low correlation with IOD and no correlation with ENSO. These results highlight the importance of understanding the differential impacts of ENSO and IOD on various water characteristics, which is crucial for formulating effective marine resource management policies.