Vegetation and soil indices for satellite monitoring of lands in areas of surface coal mining

The operation of coal mines has a complex negative impact on adjacent natural areas. Continuous land monitoring is essential for developing effective strategies for restoration and reclamation of mining and natural landscapes in the coal mining regions. Satellite missions are actively used for this purpose. The article presents an analysis of soil and vegetation indices employed for land monitoring in areas of surface coal mining using Earth remote sensing data. It discusses the theoretical foundations and practical applications of satellite indices that enable the assessment of vegetation and soil conditions. A special attention is given to the potential use of these indices in identifying the degradation processes and evaluating the effectiveness of reclamation efforts in the disturbed areas. The methodology for calculating the vegetation indices is based on analyzing spectral characteristics of the vegetation and soils, reflecting their internal structure and composition. The article provides examples of the index application in analyzing areas with sparse vegetation and high soil background levels, typical of the coal mining regions. Limitations of the indices are discussed, along with the possible correction methods to enhance the accuracy of satellite monitoring.