Objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis among women of childbearing age in the Apulia region of Southern Italy

Toxoplasmosis, caused by <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>, is a widespread zoonotic disease with potentially serious consequences to the fetus if acquired during pregnancy. This study aimed to evaluate objective and subjective knowledge of toxoplasmosis and its modes of transmission in women of reproductive age living in an Italian southeastern region (i.e., Apulia region) and to identify homogeneous segments of women based on their level of knowledge of toxoplasmosis. Data were collected in a web-based survey sample of 568 women, and analyzed via a two-step cluster analysis. The results showed that 69.4 % of respondents claimed awareness of toxoplasmosis. Specifically, knowledge about infection risk factors, such as consumption of undercooked meat and raw unwashed fruits and vegetables (95.8 %) and pregnancy-related risks (94.5 %), was high. However, only 52.8 % knew that <i>T. gondii</i> is a parasitic protozoan, and 40.5 % were aware of soil as a transmission route. Cluster analysis identified three segments: women with knowledge (40.2 %), partial knowledge (39.6 %), and no knowledge (20.2 %). Women with higher education and employed showed greater awareness, whereas students and individuals with lower education levels were overrepresented among those with limited knowledge. These findings highlight a knowledge gap in certain transmission aspects and underscore the importance of targeted health education, particularly regarding the role of soil and the nature of <i>T. gondii</i> as a parasite. Implementing effective, accessible educational programs is crucial for reducing the burden of <i>T. gondii</i> infection, especially in regions with limited health literacy. Establishing regional reference centers could enhance monitoring, prevention, and support for at-risk populations.