Frontiers in population genomics: development, technological innovation, and interdisciplinary integration

<p indent="0mm">Population genomics combines high-throughput sequencing technologies and statistical methods to investigate genome-wide variations between and within populations. Population genomics elucidates the origins of genetic variations and their roles in evolution and adaptation by analyzing processes such as mutation, recombination, genetic drift, natural selection, and migration. In the past two decades, the field has undergone rapid advancement with an explosion of the data scale and constant iterations of analytical approaches. Significant breakthroughs have been made in many aspects, including histories of human migration, adaptive evolution of natural populations, domestication, and evolutionary trajectory of pathogens, which enhanced our understanding of evolutionary histories and the genetic mechanism of environmental adaptation. This review briefly summarizes the development history and main achievements of population genomics and discusses the opportunities and challenges faced by population genomics in the new era.