Biochemical and genetic studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects of Ekiti State, Nigeria

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study investigates the association between calpain 10 (CAPN10) gene polymorphisms and T2DM among patients in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methods A case–control study was conducted involving 94 participants (74 T2DM patients and 20 healthy controls). Genotyping was performed using PCR–RFLP, and biochemical parameters, including cystatin C, CK-MB, liver enzymes, total protein, IL-10, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, and urea, were analyzed. Statistical analysis included chi-square tests and logistic regression to determine associations. Results Three CAPN10 genotypes were identified: DD (63.8%), ID (16%), and II (20.2%). The DD genotype was significantly associated with elevated AST ( p = 0.047) and reduced IL-10 levels ( p = 0.001). T2DM patients exhibited significantly higher cystatin C ( p < 0.001), CK-MB ( p = 0.003), and liver enzyme levels compared to controls. The odds ratio for the DD genotype in T2DM patients was 2.14 (95% CI: 1.02–4.50), indicating a possible genetic susceptibility. Conclusion This study suggests that CAPN10 variants may contribute to T2DM susceptibility in the studied population. The significant biochemical alterations observed in diabetic patients highlight the need for targeted genetic and biochemical monitoring for improved disease management.