Virtual reality’s dual edge: navigating mental health benefits and addiction risks across timeframes

Abstract This study explores the dual impact of virtual reality (VR) gaming on mental health, highlighting its potential benefits and risks. VR gaming offers significant advantages, including stress relief, emotional well-being, and enhanced social interactions through immersive experiences. Theoretical frameworks such as Self-Determination Theory and Flow Theory explain how VR meets intrinsic psychological needs—autonomy, competence, and relatedness—fostering emotional regulation and personal growth. However, the immersive nature of VR also introduces risks, such as addiction, maladaptive escapism, and physical health issues. The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction provides insights into how biological, psychological, and social factors contribute to these challenges. Additionally, VR fosters empathy and social connection, making it a valuable tool in therapeutic settings for reducing loneliness and enhancing interpersonal understanding. This study employs thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with VR gamers, examining their experiences across immediate, intermediate, and long-term timeframes. The findings highlight the need for intentional and balanced integration of VR in recreational and therapeutic contexts. By doing so, it is possible to maximize mental health benefits while addressing potential challenges.