The effects of summer learning on social-emotional and behavioral outcomes: A meta-analysis

Recent meta-analyses have documented positive impacts of summer learning programs on literacy and mathematics skills; however, summer learning programs’ effects on SEL outcomes are not well understood. This study comprises a meta-analysis of 36 empirical studies of the effects of summer learning programs for grades PK–12 students. The findings indicated a pooled mean effect size of 0.13 standard deviations on overall SEL outcomes. Positive mean impacts were seen in each of the subdomains examined, including academic mindsets, effort, and attitudes; academic behaviors; and social skills and behavioral adjustment. We also examine potential moderators that may explain variation in these impacts. The findings show that summer learning programs can potentially improve both academic and SEL competencies. We discuss recommendations for future research and implications for practice.