A Tutorial and Use Case Example of the <scp>eXtreme</scp> Gradient Boosting (<scp>XGBoost</scp>) Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Drug Development Applications

Approaches to artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) continue to advance in the field of drug development. A sound understanding of the underlying concepts and guiding principles of AI/ML implementation is a prerequisite to identifying which AI/ML approach is most appropriate based on the context. This tutorial focuses on the concepts and implementation of the popular eXtreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm for classification and regression of simple clinical trial-like datasets. Emphasis is placed on relating the underlying concepts to the code implementation. In doing so, the aim is for the reader to gain knowledge about the underlying algorithm and become better versed with how to implement the algorithm functions for relevant clinical drug development questions. In turn, this will provide practical ML experience which can be applied to algorithms and problems beyond the scope of this tutorial.