Chemical Characterization and Green Formulation of Silver Nanoparticles by <scp><i>Trachyspermum copticum</i></scp> L for the Treatment of Dextran Sulfate Sodium‐Induced Acute Enteritis in Sprague–Dawley Rats

ABSTRACT Recently, the nanomedicine has been applied to reduce the inflammation, heal mucosa, and slow down the progression of illness. Silver nanoparticles are among the useful metallic nanoparticles that have notable anti‐inflammatory properties. In the present investigation, the aqueous extract of Trachyspermum copticum L was used to green‐form silver nanoparticles. A variety of methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), were used to explore the characterization. Four groups of rats were randomly assigned to the in vivo portion of the acute enteritis investigation. Rats received either 50 μg/kg of Ag NPs@ T. copticum or 175 mg/kg of salazosulfapyridine (SASP) before intragastric injection of 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) solutions (0.75 g/kg). The course of therapy lasted 7 days. Disease activity index (DAI), wet/dry (W/D) weight ratios, food consumption in 24 h, and histological alterations in colon tissue were all assessed. Serum levels of TNF‐α, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐10 were measured 1, 4, or 7 days following DSS exposure. At 7 days, the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), malonaldehyde (MDA), and diamine oxidase (DAO) were assessed in colon tissue. Additionally, Western blot and RT‐PCR were used to examine the activation of NF‐κB and ICAM‐1 in colon tissue. Ag NPs@ T. copticum substantially decreased DAI at 7 days after DSS therapy in rats with acute enteritis, increased the rats' body weight at 3 or 6 days after DSS challenge, and decreased the colon W/D ratio. Additionally, after 4 and 7 days, Ag NPs@ T. copticum raised serum IL‐10 while decreasing blood levels of TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and IL‐8. Furthermore, Ag NPs@ T. copticum mitigated histological alterations in the colon at 7 days following DSS administration and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities in the colon. Subsequent research revealed that Ag NPs@ T. copticum dramatically reduced colon tissue's NF‐κB and ICAM‐1 activations. Through its anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, the current study showed that Ag NPs@ T. copticum had strong protective effects on DSS‐induced acute enteritis in rats.