Advances in Hydrothermal Carbonization for Biomass Wastewater Valorization: Optimizing Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrient Management to Enhance Agricultural and Ecological Outcomes

This study presents a novel approach that integrates hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology with circular economy principles to optimize the management of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural wastewater. Given the increasing global resource scarcity and continuous ecological degradation, the valorization of biomass wastewater has become a critical pathway for the promotion of sustainable development. Biomass wastewater, which contains crop residues, forestry leftovers, and food processing byproducts, has long been regarded as useless waste. However, this wastewater contains abundant organic matter and possesses significant renewable energy potential. The valorization of biomass wastewater can significantly reduce environmental pollution. Through the optimization of the HTC process parameters, we achieved an improvement in the quality and yield of carbonized products, facilitating the efficient recycling and utilization of resources. This research demonstrates that HTC technology can transform agricultural wastewater into valuable biofertilizers, biomass energy, and organic feed, while simultaneously reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, and mitigating the environmental impact of agricultural activities. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the application of HTC technology in agricultural ecosystems, highlighting its beneficial role in nitrogen and phosphorus management, resource utilization efficiency, and environmental pollution reduction. The findings of this study suggest that HTC technology holds significant potential in optimizing agricultural wastewater treatment, promoting resource recycling, and advancing sustainable agricultural development. Furthermore, this research offers theoretical support and practical guidance for the implementation of HTC technology in agricultural ecosystems, which is of paramount importance in fostering circular economic development and achieving sustainable agriculture.