A study of the core principles underlying the mountain tourism phenomenon

Human urbanization began around 13,000 years ago in lowland areas along rivers due to favourable conditions for survival and productivity. In contrast, mountainous regions, with their difficult accessibility and dangers, were initially avoided. However, mountains have always been revered as sacred in various religions and hold profound significance for humanity as places for physical, emotional, and spiritual exercise or relaxation. Since the 1860s, mountain tourism has emerged from human interaction with mountains, reflecting the evolution of human behaviour. Mountain tourism is studied across various scientific fields, intersects with other niches, such as sports, hiking, religion, adventure, and health tourism, and involves tourists, locals, entrepreneurs, and volunteers. The literature research reveals conflicting approaches in proposed methods, such as prioritizing funding for modern infrastructure versus fostering empathy and human connections. Additionally, the terminology of mountain tourism is ambiguous and includes expressions such as active, smart, responsible, ecological, and meaningful tourism. This study aims to identify the core principles of mountain tourism to clarify these conflicts and promote a holistic approach to challenges like sustainable development and seasonality.