Spermidine Inhibits M1 Microglia Polarization in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease and BV2 Cells via NF‐κB/STAT‐1 Pathway

Our research found that spermidine reduced M1 microglial polarization, partially through the inhibition of the NF-κB, STAT1, and p38 MAPK pathways, and encouraged M2 microglial polarization by activating the STAT6 pathway. This action helped to mitigate neuroinflammation in both the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease and LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Additionally, spermidine provided indirect neuroprotection by activating BDNF-TrkB-PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.