Sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and mitochondrial dysfunction: The beneficial effects of exercise

Sepsis can lead to a wide range of clinical symptoms due to a dysregulated immune response to infection. It remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, particularly those in intensive care units. The association between sepsis and skeletal muscle atrophy is primarily due to inflammation and immobilization during prolonged sepsis. In addition, the physical inactivity caused by sepsis accelerates skeletal muscle atrophy. Sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy is primarily caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which is recognized as a major contributing factor. Moreover, oxidative stress is implicated in the etiology of sepsis-induced muscle atrophy by contributing to the functional loss of mitochondria. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of regular exercise on the overall health of patients with various conditions, including sepsis, by modulating mitochondrial health and quality control pathways. This review will explore the role of mitochondria and the potential benefits of exercise in mitigating sepsis-induced skeletal muscle atrophy.