Precise CAR-T cell therapy targeting non-cancerous diseases: Advances in precision medicine and bioengineering

The therapeutic potential of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) therapy has garnered significant attention for its remarkable efficacy in treating hematological cancers, owing to its ability to target diseased cells precisely and persist in vivo for extended periods that offer long-term protection. This innovative therapeutic approach has sparked global interest in exploring its application beyond cancer treatment, encompassing a wide range of non-cancerous diseases, including autoimmune disorders, fibrosis, senescence-associated diseases, and infectious diseases. In this review, we elaborate the recent advancements in CAR-T-cell therapy within this expanding therapeutic landscape. Furthermore, we encourage a reconsideration of future prospects and avenues in which biomedical engineering may pioneer further refinement and enhancement of CAR-T-cell therapy capabilities. • The construction and therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T-cell therapies for non-cancerous diseases are summarized. • Engineering strategies and concepts for the treatment of cancer to non-cancerous diseases are discussed. • The off-the-shelf concept for designing CAR-T-cell therapies targeting non-cancerous diseases is emphasized.