Weed dynamics and control measures in direct-seeded rice

Weed dynamics play a critical role in determining crop productivity, particularly in direct-seeded rice (DSR) systems, which are more susceptible to weed infestation compared to traditional transplanted rice. This study explores the factors influencing weed population dynamics in DSR, their impact on rice yield, and the importance of integrated weed management (IWM) strategies. Key weed species in DSR include grasses (Echinochloa crus-galli, Leptochloa chinensis), sedges (Cyperus iria, Fimbristylis miliacea), and broadleaf weeds (Ludwigia parviflora, Monochoria vaginalis). Factors such as moisture conditions, nutrient availability, seedbed preparation, and crop establishment methods significantly affect weed infestation. Yield losses due to weeds in DSR can range from 15% to 100%, necessitating effective weed management approaches. Integrated weed management, encompassing cultural, mechanical, chemical, and biological methods, is essential for sustainable rice production. The findings emphasize the need for site-specific weed control measures to minimize yield losses and enhance crop productivity in DSR systems.