Biological mechanisms, therapeutic applications, clinical benefits and future perspectives of normobaric oxygen therapy: literature review

Background: Normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) is a widely used medical intervention aimed at enhancing oxygen delivery to tissues under atmospheric pressure. Recent studies have demonstrated its potential therapeutic benefits across various medical conditions, including stroke, traumatic brain injury, cardiovascular diseases, stress and mental disorders as well as wound healing.Aim of the study: This literature review aimed to summarize the biological mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical outcomes of NBO exposures. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted, focusing on clinical trials, experimental studies, and narrative reviews discussing the biological mechanisms, therapeutic protocols, and outcomes. The search strategy focused on peer-reviewed and English-language publications from major medical and scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, covering the period from 2010 to 2025 to ensure a comprehensive and evidence-based synthesis. Results: NBO exerts its therapeutic effects through multiple pathways, including enhanced oxygenation, stimulation of erythropoiesis via the normobaric oxygen paradox, modulation of inflammatory pathways, and improvement of mitochondrial function. Clinical evidence supports its application in neurological rehabilitation, cardiovascular conditions, wound healing, and respiratory support. However, despite its therapeutic potential, the standardization of treatment protocols, optimization of dosing regimens, and assessment of long-term safety remain critical research gaps requiring further investigation.Conclusions: NBO presents a promising, non-invasive therapeutic approach with broad clinical applications. However, further large-scale randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish standardized guidelines, optimize dosing protocols, and evaluate long-term safety. Future research should also explore the integration of NBO into precision medicine and rehabilitation strategies.