Detection of the role of biomarkers (IL-18 and ICM-1) in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients

Background: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients and is the leading cause of renal disease. It is also a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease in these patients. The current study was conducted on patients with diabetes-related nephropathy in Saladin's governorate, Iraq. The study aims to assess the association between the levels of interleukin 18 (IL-18) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule1(ICAM-1) in type 2 diabetic patients and their relation with the development of diabetic nephropathy. Methods: The recent study focused on patients with diabetes-related nephropathy. We detected IL-18 and ICAM-1 biomarkers in 250 blood samples, distributed as follows: 127 samples from patients with stage II DKD patients, 123 samples from stage IV DKD patients, and 65 blood samples from healthy controls. The samples were grouped based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), calculated using the concentration of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in the blood with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) eGFR (6 variables). Results: The present study revealed that the concentration of IL-18 differed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) between grade IV diabetic kidney patients (3227 ± 205.7 ng/mL) compared to grade II patients (653.4 ± 52.9 ng/mL) and healthy controls (78.278 ± 5.89 ng/mL). Additionally, ICAM-1 levels were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) in stage IV patients (3552 ± 167.2 ng/mL) compared to stage II patients (910 ± 75.6 ng/mL) and healthy individuals (76.12 ± 11.3 ng/mL). Conclusion: The current study suggests that IL-18 and ICAM-1 biomarkers may contribute to the development of diabetic nephropathy and potentially be used as early indicators of the disease progression. Abbreviations: DKD: Diabetic kidney disease, DN: Diabetic nephropathy, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule1, MDRD: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, Keywords: Interleukin-18, Intercellular adhesion molecule-1, eGFR, diabetic nephropathy. Citation: Al-Hayali WRY, Atiyea QM. Detection of the role of biomarkers (IL-18 and ICM-1) in the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2025;29(1):14-20 DOI: 10.35975/apic.v29i1.2577 Received: October 15, 2024; Revised: December 02, 2024; Accepted: December 10, 2024