The atherogenic indices in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus as predicted by serum levels of SMAD4, ACS, and G-CSF

Background & objectives: Atherogenic indices provide a broad picture of the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A broad range of factors influence atherogenic index values. Given the low-grade inflammatory characteristic of T2DM, we assessed three proteins in T2DM patients: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS), granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), and Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog-4 (SMAD-4), and their association with the atherogenic indices. Methodology: The current case-control research included sixty T2DM patients with no severe complications and thirty healthy controls. The chosen proteins were quantified using the ELISA technique, while the remaining biomarkers were measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: T2DM patients exhibited significantly greater levels of ACS, G-CSF, and SMAD4 compared to control participants. After adjusting for all cofounders, serum ACS level may accurately predict a considerable portion of changes in the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and Castelli risk index (CRI)-I and II. AIP, CRI-II, and the atherogenic coefficient can all predict serum SMAD4 levels. Glucose levels may predict the amount of inflammatory cytokine (G-CSF), demonstrating that inflammation is dependent on hyperglycemia. Conclusion. T2DM patients had dyslipidemia, high atherogenic indices, and greater levels of SMAD4, ACS, and G-CSF compared to controls. Once confounders are accounted for, serum ACS levels are proven to be a significant predictor of atherogenic indices. These findings contribute to our understanding of these proteins and their role in T2DM consequences including CVD. Abbreviations: ACS - 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; AIP - atherogenic index of plasma; CRI - Castelli risk index; G-CSF - granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; SMAD-4 - Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog-4 Keywords: Atherogenic Index; SMAD4; ACS; G-CSF; T2DM Citation: Abdulsaheb YS, Abdalsada HK, Moustafa SR, Al-Hakeim HK. The atherogenic indices in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus are predicted by serum levels of SMAD4, ACS, and G-CSF. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2024;29(1):21−31; DOI: 10.35975/apic.v29i1.2659 Received: April 18, 2024; Reviewed: April 19, 2024; Accepted: April 20, 2024