Optimizing Photovoltaic Integration with Grid-Forming Inverter Technology

Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are increasingly popular for integrating renewable energy into the power grid, offering features such as inertia emulation that enhance the stability of inverter-dominated grids. Traditionally, GFMs utilize battery energy storage systems (BSS) or hybrid battery-photovoltaic (HBP) systems to enable full functionality, particularly for grid frequency support. However, the high costs and maintenance requirements associated with BSS pose challenges for widespread adoption. This paper explores potential solutions for using photovoltaic (PV) systems as a sole source for grid-interactive GFMs. While operating PV systems at maximum power point (MPP) presents challenges for maintaining full GFM functionality, this study examines methods to leverage PV systems for inertia support, traditionally provided by BSS. The provided case studies demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using PV systems alone as a source for grid-interactive GFMs.