Effect of Nano Additives Application and Strategy of Injection on Particulate Characteristics in Engine Operated with Biodiesel Blends

Recent developments in nano additives and injection strategies of fuel are effective techniques used in diesel engines to decrease exhaust pollutants and boost engine performance. The injection effect strategy of fuel with titanium dioxide (TiO2) application on exhaust emissions and particulate matter (PM) characteristics in common-rail direct ignition (CRDI) diesel engines for biodiesel blends was experimentally examined. Experimental test results indicated that usage of TiO2 into the B100, B20 and B30 enhanced the decline in CO, THC and NOX than to the diesel without additives. PM number and concentration decreased by 13.54%, 22.73% and 32.68% from the combustion of B100+TiO2, B20+TiO2 and B30+TiO2, respectively, compared to the nano additives absence into the fuel. Furthermore, the rate of soot oxidation, mass and weight significantly increased higher from the biodiesel blends than the diesel. It indicated that the internal structure form of soot particles produced from B100+TiO2, B20+TiO2 and B30+TiO2 are oxidised earlier at lower temperatures in comparison with diesel. Regarding the TEM images, it is indicated that soot particles emitted from oxygenated fuels are easier to oxidise at low temperatures and quick time compared with diesel. The fuel injection strategy and both oxygen-bond from nano additives and fuel properties are beneficial for improving the soot oxidation and at the same time decreasing emitted PM.