Incidence and Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infections Following Emergency Laparotomies: A Prospective Observational Study

Background Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common healthcare-associated infections, significantly increasing postoperative morbidity, healthcare costs, and mortality. Emergency laparotomies carry a higher risk due to patient and procedural factors. This study aimed to determine the incidence, microbial patterns, and risk factors for SSIs in patients undergoing emergency laparotomies. Methodology A prospective, observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India from January 2018 to August 2019. Patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgeries were included. Data on patient demographics, perioperative practices, and outcomes were collected. Microbial culture and antibiotic sensitivity were analyzed for SSI cases. Statistical analysis identified significant risk factors. Results Of the 249 patients studied, the incidence of SSI was 17.12%, with 66% superficial, 29.5% deep, and 4.5% organ/space infections. Common pathogens included <i>Escherichia coli</i> (34%) and <i>Klebsiella</i> (15.9%). Risk factors significantly associated with SSIs included tobacco consumption (p = 0.0065), anemia (p = 0.0327), hypoproteinemia (p = 0.0016), obesity (p = 0.0030), and the use of drains (p = 0.0077). Conclusions SSIs remain a significant complication following emergency laparotomies. Implementing evidence-based protocols, including timely antibiotic prophylaxis and optimizing perioperative care, can reduce the burden of SSIs in resource-limited settings.