Research progress on febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome

Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) is a severe epileptic syndrome with unclear etiology and pathogenesis, difficult treatment, as well as generally poor prognosis. This syndrome is more common in school-age children with previously normal physical examinations, often induced by fever, with rapid onset, and mainly manifesting as status epilepticus and refractory epilepsy. Due to the limited treatment options, most FIRES patients are resistant to multiple antiepileptic drugs, and the condition is often explosive and refractory, resulting in poor prognosis. This review provides a detailed review of the latest research progress on FIRES. It comprehensively examines the pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for FIRES, with a focus on medication for refractory status epilepticus and the timing of biological agent selection, providing reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of FIRES.