Unveiling global narratives of restoration policy: Big data insights into competing framings and implications

• Restoration dominates the articulation of policy goals addressing challenging threats to people and the environment. • Restoration discourses vary across the terminologies used and only a few discourses elevate quick fixes like tree planting. • Restoration discourses foster both ecological and human-centered framings, but ecological framings are more prominent. • Limited discussion of rural livelihoods, tenure rights, or tradeoffs between environmental objectives and local needs. • Restoration discourses hold implications for expected socio-ecological gains, with risks of uneven and negative outcomes. Restoration has become a key environmental policy goal of the contemporary era. Yet, what restoration means and how it is pursued remains an object of debate. This study examines the nature of restoration discourses on Twitter – a large, open, and global record of public discussions around contemporary restoration matters. We apply machine learning-powered text analysis of about 350,000 geolocated tweets spanning 2015-2022, focusing on four main restoration terms – landscape restoration; forest and landscape restoration; ecological restoration; and ecosystem restoration. Findings reveal a wide diversity of environmental policies framed through the language of restoration, underscoring its public appeal and use by different institutions from global to national and subnational scales. Restoration discourses foster both ecological and human-centered framings, with the former being more prominent. Other distinct discourses convey promotional efforts, momentum building, political engagement by proponent actors, and what restoration should deliver. Only a few discourses feature quick fixes such as tree planting, potentially implying that contemporary restoration interventions are more diverse than headline-grabbing targets to plant trees. There is little discussion of rural livelihoods, tenure rights, or tradeoffs between environmental objectives and local needs. Although the discourses vary across the restoration terms, we find some shared discourses as well as unique ones. We underscore how restoration discourses carry different worldviews with implications for the purported socio-ecological benefits of restoration. Our work shows how data-driven analysis of social media can shed light on the rhetoric of restoration policy agendas and their nuances among a broad spectrum of social and policy actors.