Biochar as a carrier for plant growth-promoting bacteria in phytoremediation of pesticides

• Biochar enhances phytoremediation by supporting plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). • The review explores biochar's properties and its role in pesticide degradation. • PGPB improve plant growth and stress tolerance through various mechanisms. • Future research is needed to address challenges in biochar and PGPB applications. This review examines the role of biochar as a carrier for plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) in the phytoremediation process of pesticides. It begins by exploring the properties and performance of biochar, including its production processes, physical and chemical characteristics. The review then discusses the roles and mechanisms of PGPB, such as nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytohormone production, emphasizing how these bacteria can enhance plant growth and tolerance to environmental stresses while aiding in pesticide degradation. Biochar's suitability as a carrier for PGPB is highlighted due to its porous structure, surface chemistry, and ability to create microbial habitats. The interactions between biochar, PGPB, and plants that can enhance phytoremediation efficiency are examined. Additionally, the review identifies challenges and limitations, suggesting areas for further research to develop practical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of biochar's potential as a carrier for PGPB in improving phytoremediation outcomes, explicitly addressing the lack of prior reviews on this topic and highlighting broader implications for sustainable remediation.