A Multi-Criteria Analysis of Renewable Sustainable Energy Solutions for Decarbonizing Singapore's Residential Flats and House

This paper investigates the impact of sustainable development and climate change mitigation efforts by evaluating renewable energy technologies for reducing carbon emissions in residential buildings in Singapore. It begins with an extensive literature review, covering key initiatives such as the Green Mark scheme, household energy consumption patterns, and various government policies including the Carbon Tax, the Mandatory Energy Labeling Scheme (MELS), and the Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS). Additionally, it addresses the embodied carbon emissions associated with residential buildings. The study then examines the existing renewable energy technologies in Singapore, focusing on Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems, Wind Turbines, Biomass Energy, and Energy Storage solutions. Using HOMER PRO software, the research evaluates these technologies in terms of data on efficiency, costs, Net Present Cost (NPC), and the number of batteries required, incorporating sensitivity data for different sizes of residential flats through Multiple Criteria Data Analysis. Simulations conducted with RETSCREEN software for both single-family homes and multi-unit housing take into account various factors such as weather patterns, energy consumption, and financial implications. These simulations provide a comprehensive assessment of the potential for these technologies to significantly reduce carbon emissions in residential buildings, aligning with Singapore's sustainability goals and contributing to global climate change mitigation efforts.