Endoparasitic challenges in freshwater fish aquaculture: insights into the lifecycle, transmission, and management

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in meeting the growing global demand for seafood, particularly fish, but faces significant challenges from fish diseases. Pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites cause diseases that result in economic losses and threaten fish health. Endoparasites, including protozoa, helminths (worms), and metazoans, have emerged as a major concern in aquaculture. Trematodes, cestodes, and acanthocephalans are notable examples of these parasites. Understanding the life cycles of these endoparasites is essential for developing effective prevention and control strategies. This review aimed to contribute to understanding these parasites' life cycles, which is crucial for implementing targeted prevention and control measures. Various fish species serve as intermediate and definitive hosts, influencing the transmission dynamics of these parasites. Implementing appropriate management measures is vital to maintaining fish health, promoting sustainable aquaculture practices, and meeting the increasing global demand for seafood.