Extending <scp>CIECAM16</scp> to Account for Simultaneous Contrast

ABSTRACT Simultaneous contrast is the phenomenon in which the background influences perceived color. Existing color appearance models (CAMs) are inadequate in fully capturing this effect. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the simultaneous contrast effect and to extend the state‐of‐the‐art color appearance model, CIECAM16, to better account for this phenomenon. By conducting three experiments, we empirically assessed the effects of simultaneous contrast on chroma, hue, and lightness. The findings revealed that a stimulus's perceived color attributes changed significantly depending on the color properties of the background. Based on these results, we extended CIECAM16 to account for the simultaneous contrast effect. The results demonstrated that the extended CIECAM16 model significantly improved the ability to predict color appearance while accounting for simultaneous contrast and offered closer alignment with observed findings and visual mechanisms. This research enhances the understanding of simultaneous contrast and contributes to improving the CIECAM16 model.